Downloading music from the Internet is not illegal. Plenty of music available online is not just free but also easily available, legal and - most important - worth hearing.
That fact may come as a surprise after highly publicized lawsuits by the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), representing major labels, against fans using peer-to-peer programs like Grokster and EDonkey to collect music on the Web.
But the fine print of those lawsuits makes clear that fans are being sued not for downloading but for unauthorized distribution: leaving music in a shared folder for other peer-to-peer users to take. As copyright holders, the labels have the exclusive legal right to distribute the music recorded for them, even if technology now makes that right nearly impossible to enforce.
While the recording business litigates and lobbies over music being given away online, countless musicians are taking advantage of the Internet to get their music heard. They are betting that if they give away a song or two, they will build audiences, promote live shows and sell more recordings.
The first place to look for free music online is at the musicians' own sites. Many performers, from Bob Dylan (
http://www.bobdylan.com/) to the Yeah Yeah Yeahs (
http://www.yeahyeahyeahs.com/), post hard-to-find songs for listening: some as free downloads, some as streaming audio (which can be recorded with a free program like StepVoice at
http://www.stepvoice.com/).
A next place to look is the labels, particularly independent rock and electronic labels like Matador (
www.matadorrecords.com/music/mp3s.html), Vagrant (
http://www.vagrant/ .com/vagrant/$ audio/audio.jsp), Barsuk (
http://www.barsuk.com/), Saddle Creek (
http://www.saddle-creek.com/) or Tigerbeat6 (
www.tigerbeat6.com/html/catalogue.htm).
Many public U.S. radio stations also maintain music archives for streaming or downloading. Among them are the classical-music station WNYC (
http://www.wnyc.org/) and eclectic stations like WFMU in Jersey City (
http://www.wfmu.org/) and KCRW in Santa Monica, California. (
http://www.kcrw.org/), all of which have troves of live performances. MTV at (
http://www.mtv.com/) presents an entire album each week as an audio stream.
Following is a selection of other sites offering free music online. Most of them are best used with either a broadband connection or infinite patience. While major-label recordings are largely (but not entirely) off limits, there is more than enough available music to satisfy every listener.
Epitonic: The first and best place to look for any band with an independent recording is
http://www.epitonic.com/, a superbly organized site that is likely to have music from nearly everyone heard on college radio. It includes not only downloadable songs but also biographical information and links for hundreds of acts, grouped under genres and subgenres.
And it has an invaluable "Similar Artists" feature that can direct fans of one band to dozens of potential new favorites. Within Epitonic's huge roster is at least a song or two from some major-label acts, among them the New York band Secret Machines, the Texas band Sparta and the English bands Radiohead and Spiritualized. But independent bands like Bright Eyes or Godspeed You Black Emperor are every bit as good.
Webjay: At
http://www.webjay.org/, music fans share their Web finds with the world. There is no music on the site, just lists of links that allow users either to play entire lists or to download items directly one by one. Webjay is something like the lists submitted by customers at
http://www.amazon.com/, but with connections to the music itself. As such, it's only as good as the widely varied skills of its contributors, and its links are not always dependable.
Furthurnet: At
http://www.furthurnet.com/, this is a peer-to-peer network that trades only recordings of bands that encourage listeners to record concerts: not just the Grateful Dead but Phish, Gov't Mule, Dave Matthews Band, Los Lobos, Wilco and David Byrne as well. Users need to install a program available on the Web site. Most of the available concert recordings don't use MP3 files, but a better quality audio format, SHN, which also requires some software installation. It's easy; information on the site explains all the technicalities.
Another connection for jam bands is
http://www.etree.org/, which points listeners toward recordings stored online and is equally fastidious about high fidelity. Meanwhile, concert recordings of all sorts, from vintage 1960s bootlegs to music only a few days old, have been traded at
http://www.sharingthegroove.org/, although the site is currently undergoing maintenance.
The Library of Congress: Through the years, tax dollars have supported researchers like Alan Lomax on excursions to collect music from every nook and cranny and tradition they could discover across the United States. The Library of Congress has made a considerable amount available free online. A place to start is the American Memory Collection (memory.loc.gov/ammem/$audio.html), with fiddle tunes, American Indian music, border music from the Rio Grande, Dust Bowl songs and more.
Folkways Records: In 1987, the Smithsonian Institution bought the catalog of Folkways Records, which had set out to document every sound in the world and continues to support projects like a 20-disc collection of Indonesian music. Many of the Folkways recordings can be heard on the Web at
http://www.folkways.si.edu/.
Internet Archive: The Internet Archive (
http://www.archive.org/) includes a Live Music Archive with more than 10,000 concerts via etree.org. Most are from jam bands, but there is plenty to choose from. The archive also includes an assortment of other audio under All Collections, which has 131 songs from 78-rpm discs, and more than 3,000 songs on what it calls net labels, most of them releasing electronic music.
IUMA: The Internet Underground Music Archive (
http://www.iuma.org/) was a pioneer of free Internet music. It was founded in 1993 as a place for musicians to post their own music online, and it just keeps on expanding. Unfortunately, it is both overwhelming and overwhelmed; finding a good song requires extraordinary luck, and downloading it will take a while. Like the other send-it-yourself sites noted here, IUMA can make a user appreciate what record company scouts do.
Garageband: Hopefuls face Darwinian competition at
http://www.garageband.com/, where musicians are encouraged to rate 30 songs before submitting one of their own (or pay a $19.99 fee instead) and other listeners are also assigned tracks to rate. The songs that rise to the top of the charts have a chance to be heard on Garageband's radio outlets or collected on its compilation albums.
CNet: The computer experts at CNet include an extensive selection of music among their software downloads at music.download.com. A vast bulk of the music is submitted by musicians themselves.
Vitaminic: Founded in Italy, Vitaminic operates in nine European countries through local-language Web sites (
http://www.vitaminic.co.uk/, .de, .fr, etc.). It offers tens of thousands of aspiring bands and a smattering of better-known acts, although brand-name bands like Franz Ferdinand tend to offer only streaming audio rather than downloads. But the site is well organized and also includes video clips from the likes of Nick Cave.
BeSonic: A site founded in Germany where musicians can place their songs online,
http://www.besonic.com/ has a slightly more international perspective than the other newcomer sites. Rankings and recommendations help visitors sift the material. Registration is required for downloading.
Pure Volume: More than 76,000 songs are available at yet another site for aspiring musicians,
http://www.purevolume.com/, which is strongly weighted toward rock. To winnow the site, try the Pure Picks column or look under the category Music for Top Artists (Signed).
DMusic: Musicians can also post their own songs on DMusic (
http://www.dmusic.com/). It helps users wade through more than 17,000 acts - an overwhelming majority categorized as alternative or rock - by listing DM Picks and by having users give songs a thumbs-up or thumbs-down and append comments.
Smart-Music: Dance-music experimenters dominate at
http://www.smart-music.net/, a selective site that draws its downloadable MP3's from hard-to-find small labels.
Ragga-Jungle: Slow, deep reggae bass lines are the foundation for whole families of dance music represented at
http://www.ragga-jungle.com/.
Classic Cat: With so much classical music in the public domain, it's a surprise that there aren't more free downloadable sites offering it, although the length of classical compositions can make them inconvenient to download. At
http://www.classiccat.net/, it's possible to search by composer, from Monteverdi to Messiaen. The selection is spotty and links don't always work, but it's a start.